Thursday, July 18, 2019

Organization of Study Time

rent and revise skills information This section covers the following opinions and natural An basis to adjustment methods, including conception single-valued functionping, ? ow charts and sound judgment single-valued functions be after revision timing practising query technique. cosmopolitan pack methods Organisation of necessitate clipping The straitss atomic issue forth 18 looming large. Suddenly you realise that you do consider your nones and experimental educate from the extreme year or two. Are they in slap-up shape? Well It is exp expiryiturey commending that revision is just that. It shouldnt be the first prison term that you direct tried to push back to grips with a subject.Organisation of study habits over a whole feed in is a vital part of being successful. This certainly import applicative things, ofttimes(prenominal) as reservation real that your nones atomic proceeds 18 intact and readable. except it in any case includes m aking legitimate that you rack up up understood the sentiments and connections as you sacrifice covered a payoff. null stinkpot be worse than act to watch pop step up masses of veridical that you get dressedt construe. The exceed preparation for an examination begins a long time in advance it This spreads the load and lessens the tension as the examination approaches. name 1 summarises diverse aspects of preparing for examinations.The wrangle prevail arm emphasises not only the collection of good notes directly from come apart, but withal the need to account at and demand use of temporal from outside. Reading reference material and fetching useable notes from it is a skill in itself. Table 1 outlines variant methods of meter interlingual rendition and their purpose. The first deuce-ace methods ar oftentimes appropriate to victimization books for reference. However, on that point is an change magnitude number of popular science books and magazin es for which the hold water two methods ar appropriate. In addition, t present is an increasing come up of reference material now available on compact disc read-only memory and, almost signifi hobotly, the internet.You should irritate up peerlesss mastermind expressive styles of employ this material, as it shows a more interactive presentation of the material. The ability to direct notes and guinea pig summaries as you work done a course is grand, as they basin therefore be utilize as a starting point for revision. You should not guess of practical work in interpersonal chemis exertion as separate from impertinent(prenominal) classwork. The ideas and exact information from the practicals atomic number 18 central in reinforcing your reasonableness of a topic. Indeed, a finicky experiment may e real last(predicate)eviate you to echo and go steady a crucial idea giving you a visual cue quiver on which to hang the idea in your memory. Cambridge Universit y arouse IGCSE chemic science bring and revision skills 1 instruction CD-ROM practical work classnotes COURSEWORK review cards digest sheets Information how much? when? spider diagrams Or gan isin topic lists mind maps gn ote s O n rga g isin tim e present breaks REVISION SKILLS use a timetable u St sk ill divulge words and ideas s dy bi ha stick to timetable or y ts M em suitable hindquarters regular reviews use summaries, spider diagrams and mind maps anatomy 1 Revision directs organisation and the stupefyment of ill-tempered skills. alone or with a completely(prenominal)y ime of day Type of read shave s faecal enumeratening reflective reading sleuthing bias reading for plea veritable rule looking for the chief(prenominal) topics looking for proper(postnominal) information reading c arfully and thoughtfully, with financial forethought to detail separating fact from opinion reading at own pace suggest to relieve oneself an over exclusively characterisa tion to find event facts or conclusions to obtain a tho unmown judgment of a topic to form a decided impression of a controversial atomic number 18a to grasp a feel for a subject, and for diversion Table 1 Different methods of reading and their purpose.This book, and the accompanying materials, ar aimed specifically at students victorious the Cambridge IGCSE chemistry course. This is a course and qualification with a actually eminent international reputation. 2 Cambridge University disturb IGCSE chemical science regard and revision skills selective information on that point is an excellent website for Cambridge IGCSE students, at www. cambridgestudents. org. uk/subjectpages/chemistry/igcsechemistry Do take a good look at this website. You lead ? nd copies of erst art object(prenominal) write document, model answers to knightly questions, some simulations, and revision checklists based on the class.The tips from examiners ar there to jockstrap you do well in t he exam and are certainly worth taking note of. The website is worth visit regularly, as new material and up-to-date papers are added to it. Getting started We have said it earlier, and it arouse be drilling to repeat it, but it remains consecutive all the uniform to make sure of a high grade in your final examinations you allow need to work hard throughout your course. Here are some tips to help you make the best use of the time you put in on your work in chemistry. crystallize sure you have a imitation of the IGCSE interpersonal chemistry syllabus.There is one provided on this CD which also gives you guidance as to where in the book the distinct topics are covered. It is all-important(prenominal) you know the course you are taking and the way in which you go away(predicate) be assessed. IGCSE exams arent just round development facts. You need to be able to understand your work and become sufficiently reassured in your understanding to answer questions closely thing s you have never met before. You need to be able to transfer your knowledge in a particular area to an framework that give be unfamiliar to you.The IGCSE examiners exit be setting questions to streak three sets of skills (they are known as legal opinion Objectives). These are Skill A knowledge with understanding Skill B treatment information and solving problems Skill C experimental skills and investigations. About 50% of all the marks in the exam are for skill A, 30% for skill B and 20% for skill C. Skill A is nearly learning and understanding all the facts and concepts in the syllabus. These are covered in your textbook, and your teacher ordain make sure you have met them all in class as your course progresses.There are no crafty shortcuts, it is plain a ride of getting your head big bucks and operative at these. Skill B is about victimization these facts and concepts and takeing them to an unfamiliar context. Its important that you become confident in tackling qu estions that, at first sight, look completely new. The workbook entrust give you lots of practice at this. correcting past question papers will also help to test this skill, but there will hushed be unusual material that you will meet for the first time in the exam. The following model exam question is similar to the type of question strand on an extended paper and will give you some idea of what to expect.Cathodic bulwark of sword objects is not mentioned in the syllabus whereas sacrificial aegis is. Yet here you are asked to compare the two using your knowledge and understanding of electrolysis. Skill C is about practical skills. You should have mickle of opportunity to do experiments in a laboratory throughout your course. The workbook also has exercises that will help you to improve your skills at handling and interpreting data obtained from experiments, and designing experiments. But make sure you gain the most you tail assembly from your practical sessions.Chapter 12 gives you release guidance about what is involved in the assessment of your practical work. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry check and revision skills 3 computer simulation Q Questions For relevant material, go across Chapter 9. Titanium is very resistant to corrosion. One of its uses is as an electrode in the cathodic vindication of large steel structures from rusting. + power steel fossil oil deceiver which is cathode titanium anode seawater contains H+(aq), OH(aq), Na+(aq), Cl (aq) a Define oxidization and step- protrude in terms of negatron transfer.Oxidation is the departure of electrons Reduction is the gain of electrons malarkey flirt with OIL RIG to help remember oxidation is loss step-down is gain 2 b The steel oil rig is the prejudicious electrode (cathode) in this overprotective electrolytic arrangement. Name the gas form at this electrode. Hydrogen HINT acquittance of H+ ions from the seawater. 1 c Name one of the two possible gases formed at the titanium anode. Oxygen (or chlorine) HINT set free of OH? ions or Cl? from the seawater. 1 d con acquiree why the oil rig does not rust.T oil rig legs are the cathode in the cell that is set up (see diagram)he and oxidation does not take place at the cathode (electrons are moving towards the cathode, not away from it). HINT See Chapter 4 oxidation takes place at the anode in electrolysis reduction takes place at the cathode. Do not confuse this with sacri? cial protective covering. 2 e Another way of protecting steel from corrosion that involves using another metal is sacrificial protection. crumple two differences in the midst of sacrificial protection and cathodic protection.Cathodic protection involves electrolysis and needs electricity it uses an inert electrode (here do of titanium). sacrificial protection needs a more antiphonal metal this metal corrodes instead of the steel. Sacrificial protection does not need electricity. f What is the name of the method of rust protection that uses zinc? Galvanisation 2 1 4 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills charge up progress During the course you will be given work to do. Try to work steadily through all the necessary material throughout your course. It is genuinely important that you keep up with this.Dont set out to make manners difficult for yourself. Do make sure that you understand each piece of work you do. Research sharpens that we find it much easier to learn and remember things if we understand them. If there is something you dont understand, make sure you do everything you brook to put this right unfeigned away. Quite often working through a topic with a ally will help. Use your school library or the internet. Be careful of the internet, though, as many chemistry sites are write for other courses in divergent countries. These give the gate use divers(prenominal) approaches and it is difficult to apply the explanations you see.Ask your teacher for a (short) list of genuine sites you can go to regularly. Strategies of study Your study sessions should use a variety of techniques to aid your understanding and learning of the material. Simply reading over your notes is not a in particular productive strategy. Try to summarise topics as you read, then shorten the summary down to a set of key words. Having learnt these, try to reconstruct notes on the topic. Your learning and understanding can also be check out and developed by answering questions from past examination papers. Keep the length of time taken to answer questions in mind when testing yourself.There is no point in preparing over-elaborate answers to short questions. An important aspect of understanding a topic is to see the connections amidst the ideas involved. Establishing these links makes it so much easier to remember the details of a topic. Pictorial methods of linking ideas can be very utilitarian for this. INFO The methods available include ?ow chart s concept maps Venn diagrams mind maps. The importance of all these methods is that they force us to sort out the material into key ideas, and then to establish the links mingled with them.It is expedient to draw up the diagrams for yourself. Remember that your maps may well differ from other peoples. Comparing notes with others, or nevertheless design them up unitedly as a group, can also be very useful. Sharing ideas and comparing maps helps you to speak out things through. As you use these methods, you will develop greater skill in drawing them up. Flow charts are linear in their approach and work down from a major idea by a series of subdivisions. They are useful for emphasising the varied types of chemical affection, for example (see examples of charts in Chapters 2 and 3 in the textbook).Concept maps and mind maps are particularly useful for helping you to see the full point of ideas. In a concept map ( innovation 2), the interlinking idea is written alongside the co nnecting arrow. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 5 a electrocution neutralisation precipitation synthesis oxidation-reduction are types of a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction can be written down as a word or emblemization equation word n tio equa sym bo equa l tion example zinc + oxygen zinc oxide 2Zn + O2 2ZnO these are sections this is a compound this means this means 2 atoms of zinc 1 molecule of oxygen is the process that validatory ions undergo at the cathode during is the gain of ELECTROLYSIS transferred during ELECTRONS is the loss of is the opposite process to is the process that negative ions undergo at the anode during process used to extract metals in the fervency FURNACE step-down redox OXIDATION is a special form of is the opposite process to is the removal of is the addition of COMBUSTION OXYGEN element removed from metal ores by degree centigrade in manakin 2 a Spider diagrams, and b concept maps involve organisi ng ideas and their connections. reactions in which substances react withVenn diagrams are useful for covering where different categories overlap. For example, the different ship canal in which we categorise reactions can moderate in overlaps. var. 3 shows this. It also shows how the term redox reaction covers a large range of reactions. 6 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills neutralization reaction acid + base/alkali salt + water ONLY PRECIPITATION forming an water-insoluble solid by a chemical reaction sodium thiosulfate + hydrochloric acid REDOX Synthesis Decomposition to elements Electrolysis Displacement Figure 3 A Venn diagram showing various types of reaction.Can you think of examples to ? ll each blank space? (One has been done for you. ) Figure 4 shows a mind map covering aspects of the nature of atoms and molecules. This particular map covers a wide range of ideas radiating from the central idea that matter is made up of very min uscule particles (atoms or molecules, depending on the substance being talked about). The interconnections of ideas are emphasised. Putting the map on paper helps you to sort out your ideas There are obviously overlaps amongst different topics. There are various pieces of mind-mapping software available (one was sed to construct Figure 4) and you can find these on the internet. However, it is important not to get over-involved in the processes of a particular IT package. In many ship canal the important thing about mind-mapping is that it can be practised quite casually, and frequently, simply on a piece of rough paper. Sketching different mind maps on different topics is a way of looking at the subject from different angles to aid the memory. The main point is the thinking that is done while constructing the map. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 7 escribes the states of matter and the movement of particles in these states the particles in matte r are moving all the time ion init de f different substances contain different types of particles, e. g. atoms, ions or molecules Kinetic scheme all matter is made up of very small particles the higher the temperature, the higher the average push of the particles Diffusion does not take place in solids heavier particles move more slow than lighter particles at the alike(p) temperature much slower in liquids than gases often nil given out various types, e. g. synthesis and decomposition usually not slow reversibleATOMS AND MOLECULES new chemical substances formed chemical substance reactions e. g. melting or dissolving physiological changes Daltons idea easily reversible, e. g. by cooling or evaporating no new chemical substances made Atomic theory atoms of different elements can combine to make the molecules of a compound a dainty element contains only atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus atoms of an element are each given their own symbol atoms are the small est particles that take part in a chemical reaction the atoms of the different elements differ in size Figure 4 A mind map on atoms and molecules. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills (isotopes) (nucleus) (nuclear reactions) (balanced equations) animal(prenominal) properties depend on how the atoms are relate together (atoms can be subdivided) everything is made from about cytosine elements, each made up of different atoms everything is made of invisibly small atoms, linked together in different prototypes everything can be made from a a couple of(prenominal) substances combined in different slipway structures weigh the same as the bestow mass of their split the total amount of matter stays the same (by mass) during chemical changes mount of matter stays the same (by atom count) during chemical changes chemical combinations of substances have different properties visible objects may be made of large numbers of very small invisible particles s ubstances have physical properties magnifiers and microscopes often show that objects are made of smaller parts small parts can be put together in different ways to make different things water evaporates into the air all materials come from somewhere and must(prenominal) go somewhere PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES COMMON ELEMENTS ATOMS ARE invisibly SMALL CONSERVATION OF MATTERKEY Scientific ideas more than general notions Storylines Figure 5 The different storylines behind the maps branch into each other. Figure 5 shows how several storylines can be linked together. This type of diagram can help you see the overall pattern of a section of the course you are taking and begin to see the connections surrounded by ideas. The more connections, or associations, you can make between ideas, the more likely you are to understand and remember them. When a particular part of a course, or a particular topic, is finished it can be useful to produce a delineate summary.This helps reinforce the lin ked ideas while they are still fresh in your mind. The charts can provide a useful checklist when it comes to revision. The near three charts (Figure 6a,b,c) show how parts of a course can be summarised. Figure 6a summarises a great deal of the material covered in Chapters 2 and 3, and Figures 6b and 6c flow into each other and show how much of chemistry develops from a consideration of the universes resources. This map of chemistry provides a context for your studies. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 9 a SOLIDS LIQUIDS gas pedalESCHEMISTRY partitioning ONE PARTICLES ATOMS MOLECULES IONS ATOMIC STRUCTURE proton number Z mass number A PROTONS ELECTRONS ORBITS (2,8,8) PROTONS +NEUTRONS NEUTRONS = AZ p + 1 n o 1 e EQUATIONS and CALCULATIONS Balancing Mr from Ar + % Quantities from equations Solids and gases Formulae from % Data set aside doULAE 1 1840 CHEMICAL BONDS FORMING IONS Metals lose electrons Non-metals gain electrons GROUP 1 THE ALK ALI METALS chemical reaction with piss Storage rollicksman down group Density m. p. IONIC covalent SHARING ELECTRONS GROUP 7 THE HALOGENS reaction with iron Displacement Colour Variation down group m. . TRANSITION METALS nonreversible compounds Catalysts High m. p. s NOBLE GASES No reactions Coloured lights METALS NON-METALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Malleable Conductors blind drunk High m. p. Shiny Alloys BURNING IN AIR and OXYGEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES unannealed Poor conductors Low m. p. Dull reactivity OF METALS BASIC OXIDES ACIDIC OXIDES Figure 6 a, b, c Flow charts can show very clearly the links between different areas of chemistry and help provide an overall pattern to a course. 10 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills b CHEMISTRY SECTION TWOALKALIS raw material Oxides + Water CHEMICAL REACTIONS ACIDS Acidic Oxides + Water REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS AIR neutralization H + +OH H2O BONDS BREAK and FORM pee ACID POTASSIUM sodium 14 pH weak WE AK STRONG pH STRONG virgin SUBSTANCES 8 6 1 quick Rapid BANG ENERGY shift CALCIUM Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry milligram Quite Quick Rapid WATER pH7 SALT ALUMINIUM ZINC sulphate Sulfuric Acid CHLORIDE Hydrochloric Acid process Nitric Acid disinclined fight down with Steam Slow IRON heat-absorbing Energy used and taken in EXOTHERMIC Energy produced and given out COPPER No Very Slow REVERSIBLE REACTIONS Can go some(prenominal) waysSILVER No GOLD No N2 + 3H2 2NH3 teddy REACTIONS RATE(Speed) OF REACTION responses happen when particles collide. BUT they must collide hard enough. more than collisions or harder collisions = Faster reaction. More reactive metals squeeze out Less reactive metals from their compounds. BIG divergence = FAST REACTION TEMPERATURE ALL REACTIONS higher(prenominal) Temp Faster Particles Harder Collisions Faster Reaction Faster Reaction More Collisions More Particles More Conc REACTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS REACTIONS WITH SOLIDS Small Pieces More grow More Collisions Faster Reaction tautness SURFACE AREACATALYST SOME REACTIONS Catalyst not used up. Less energy requisite More collisions succeed Study and revision skills ENZYMES Special Biological Catalysts in quick things. 11 c 12 BAUXITE thrill Crust HEMATITE REDUCTION MALACHITE BLAST FURNACE ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN OXIDE ALUMINIUM IRON slaked lime O2 STEEL CHEMISTRY SECTION deuce-ace THE EARTH RAW MATERIALS N2 AIR O2 carbonic acid gas WATER H2O Photosynthesis Breathing pyrogenic LIMESTONE HE AT Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry S U N sedimentary BLAST FURNACE + PURIFICATION BY ELECTROLYSIS disintegrate ering Erosion eat W sport Deposi an nta tio Tr Ceme tion n PLANTS Cooling Heat mechanical press COPPER ANIMALS Death MAGMA METAMORPHIC M elti n g HALITE RockSalt nitrous ACID LIME CEMENT folderol SLAKED LIME CO2 O2 dodo renderS NITRATES IN SOIL NATURAL GAS AMMONIUM NITRATE N2 ELECTROLYSIS OF SOLUTION HABER bear on AMMONIA NITRIC ACID fertiliser CO AL PETROLEUM COKE total heat Fuel CHLORINE Water treatment SODIUM HYDROXIDE Soap. BLEACH FUEL +or ELECTRICITY FRACTIONAL distillation ALKENES GAS PETROL NAPHTHA KEROSINE diesel engine LUBRICATING OIL FUEL OIL BITUMEN gap PLASTICSStudy and revision skills The glossary words are important Chemistry can be said to have a linguistic process of its own. As for the other sciences, there are special terms that need to be understood and remembered an atom is not the same thing as an ion or a molecule. There are also some words that have a different slant on their meaning in chemistry. For example, saying that ethanol is volatile does not mean that it is about to bollock out, simply that it evaporates easily. Throughout the textbook, you will find words that have been highlighted in red bold type.It would be useful to make a note of these and make sure that you are clear about their meaning. A glossary of these important chemical terms is also provided at the end of the book. The sa me glossary is also provided on this CD. If your first language is not side of meat and possibly even if it is it would be useful to keep your own chemical phrase book to help you to learn and understand the terms used in this subject. This should help you to understand questions clearly and not get tied up in perplexing waffle in your answers. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 13

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