History and Demographics of Myanmar

History and Demographics of Myanmar Presentation Myanmar (Burma renamed Myanmar in 1989) has never observed continued clash free periods since its autonomy in 1948. The military has administered the nation since 1962. In 1988, star vote based system fights were squashed. In 1990, free and reasonable national decisions were held in Myanmar without precedent for a long time. The National League for Democracy, the principle political development drove by Mrs Aung San Suu Kyi (1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate), won 62% of the votes and 82% of the seats in elections.[1] While the reason for these races was never made completely clear (either to make a Constituent Assembly or an administrative Parliament), the military system wouldn't respect the outcome. From that point forward, the senior political pioneers and the military have remained the recipients of the countrys self and remotely forced disconnection. The populace keeps on living under political persecution, bothered by monetary challenges. Confinements, terrorizing and political abuse of activists are basic spot. In 2003, the military government introduced a seven-advance ‘roadmap for sacred and political change towards a ‘disciplined vote based system. The primary essence of this guide was propelled in 2004, with the reconvening of the National Convention to think on essential standards for another Constitution. At that point in December 2007, the way toward drafting a Constitution, in view of those fundamental standards, began.[2] Unlike other political gatherings welcomed, the NLD would not partake all the while. Despite the fact that these initial steps may demonstrate progress, the guide has gone under analysis for being non-comprehensive and lacking validity. The monetary circumstance remains profoundly hazardous and conceivably de-balancing out. The poor information quality and questionable governments insights, which point to twofold digit financial development, are exceptionally deceptive to outside onlookers and endeavor to darken the countrys desperate philanthropic cir cumstance. On account of political imperatives, benefactor help levels to Myanmar remain horribly deficient to cover the requirements of everybody. In mid-August 2007, because of the troubling monetary circumstance, road exhibitions were started over an unexpected increment in fuel costs. The exhibits developed into an across the country challenge the systems approaches. The Myanmar Sangha a compelling organization in the public arena demonstrated overpowering help for the fights. The administration reacted with a savage crackdown on the quiet fights. This crackdown was censured by the worldwide network, which therefore reestablished its weight on the system for political change. Subsequently the European Union broadened their current endorses on Myanmar in November 2007. So far, European approvals don't appear to have pushed the legislature in the ideal heading, and they may even have delivered counterproductive impacts. These incorporate a solidified position by the administration, negative effect on Myanmar common society and a subverting of the economy on the loose. Its frequently said that authorizations are, all by themselves, a type of viciousness, utilized as a political instrument utilized for talk rather that to make significant change. By and by, it is faulty whether Myanmars progress towards a practical popular government would be quickened by the nonattendance of financial approvals. The military government holds fast to its Roadmap to ‘disciplined majority rules system, which can best be depicted as a completely controlled, slow change to semi-regular citizen rule. This returns at the pace helpful for the commanders in control, ensuring their inclinations and to a great extent ignoring outside analysis or weight. In the administrations perspective, Western authorizations are an unfriendly response towards its announced aim for a (controlled) progress. Since the SPDC can depend on wellsprings of salary outside the domain of authorizations (vitality, items, and so forth.) it is difficult to envision that the system will digress from its proclaimed objectives as a response to approvals or Western weight. While specialists regularly contend that monetary assents have no effect on a focused on nation, this report looks to give proof of authorizations applied against Myanmar that have a financial, social and the political effect. For supporting this proposal the attention will be on the prohibitive estimates forced by the European Union. It surveys the European Unions existing strategies ‘supporting Myanmar to turn into a tranquil, vote based and prosperous nation. Additionally, it will show that it isn't sufficient to sit tight for a political forward leap. Proof recommends all sides, including the worldwide network ought to have the boldness to move away from these dug in positions and attempt an alternate methodology. In the wake of having given the fundamental foundation and having indicated why prohibitive measures are applied by western networks, this report will give suggestions to an alternate methodology towards majority rules system in Myanmar. 1. Foundation In June 1989, the decision military junta changed its name from Union of Burma to Myanmar, one year after the severely stifling of master vote based system fights, where thousands were murdered. The military junta asserted this name would be progressively impartial for a condition of a tremendous ethnic assorted variety. Subsequently it would prompt more noteworthy amicability among the countrys edgy individuals and give them a sentiment of discharge from their British frontier past. The capitals name was additionally changed from Rangoon to Yangon.[3] The new name was acknowledged by most nations, including the United Nations, as a benefit of the Burmese government in power, yet was not acknowledged by the United States.[4] Both terms are generally utilized, with certain individuals alluding to the nation as Burma and others alluding to it as Myanmar. The equivalent is additionally valid for Rangoon; the vast majority are more acquainted with this name than Yangon. Myanmar is the biggest nation in Southeast Asia and from numerous points of view a nation characterized by its geology, confined but then with an abundance of chances to work with its neighboring nations. The nation fringes China, India, Bangladesh, Laos and Thailand. A significant part of the nation is the valley of the Irrawaddy River, which runs north to south, from the frigid eastern bend of the Himalayas down over a thousand miles to the salty flowing waters of the Andaman Sea.[5] To all the more likely comprehend current Myanmar and the explanations for its deliberate disconnection, their should be a more noteworthy spotlight on authentic setting. The inalienable intricacy of the issues included is more clear if the different recorded powers are broke down independently. The various strands of history, portrayed beneath, will at long last meet up and shape the present and show that current issues which today concern the state are for the most part established in the countrys complex and frequently questionable organizations and history. To be sure, it tends to be contended that the countrys current circumstance is an aftereffect of frequently good natured however certainly audacious endeavors to apply well known political measures to a delicate arrangement of social goal. â€Å"Nationalism†, â€Å"socialism†, and â€Å"autarky†, just as â€Å"federalism†, â€Å"autonomy† and â€Å"centralisation†, are frameworks that have been utilized by political rulers in post-provincial Myanmar.[6] 1.1 Colonial Past Myanmar was generally unmistakable, lucid, and self-ruling for very nearly 1,000 years before the British attached the nation in the nineteenth century.[7] The primary Burmese domain was established in the eleventh century. Numerous people group which lived in remote spots were once in a while brought under focal control, however remained moderately unmistakable from one another in issues, for example, language, culture, examples of creation, and political traditions.[8] Burman rulers constructed great capitals like Pagan and Mandalay and governed over a rich and flourishing civilisation. Additionally, they profited by an expanding populace and incomes, giving huge military and monetary favorable circumstances over neighboring nations. A few wars in the eighteenth century prompted regional extension, which further fortified the Burmese state and made an unmistakable Burmese social personality. Simultaneously, the development of outer exchange, both with China and the western world ga ve further incomes. Yet, the time of Burman realms couldn't keep going forever and finished in 1885 when the British dismissed the last King Thibaw in Mandalay and made Burma a region of British India. With the intrusion of the British, new ground-breaking political ideas and models for later pioneers were introduced.[9] The British added Burma in 1886 and isolated the nation into two fundamental managerial zones: Ministerial Burma, which was essentially populated by the Burman larger part, and the Frontier area.[10] The British needed to build up peace through a minimal effort focal organization. They made sure about their monetary enthusiasm by defense and commercialisation of agribusiness. The British occupation provided certain solidness, by bringing together assorted indigenous ethnic gatherings under pilgrim rule. By the by, the British pilgrim framework essentially changed and harmed the Burmese social structure. The precolonial social association to a great extent laid on the authority of nearby chieftains and Buddhists priests. Buddhism as the basic confidence shared among the Burman greater part, the Arakanese and most Shan and Karen individuals, was the primary wellspring of social dependability as this confidence stresses independence and honest conduct. Also, training was offered by priests to all.[11] With the British occupation, authority of nearby chieftains was supplanted by feeble impact of salaried authorities, who were more dependable to neighborhood government as opposed to the nearby communities.[12] The impact of the priests was debilitated and they were before long denied of their principle social capacity. So as to secure the interests of minorities, the British doled out them some key capacities which the Burmans, the dominan

Pantheon Essays - Domes, Pantheon, Rome, Pantheon, Free Essays

Pantheon Essays - Domes, Pantheon, Rome, Pantheon, Free Essays Pantheon Pantheon, sanctuary committed to all the divine beings. The Pantheon of Rome is the best-saved significant structure of old Rome and one of the most huge structures in building history. Fit as a fiddle it is a huge chamber covering eight docks, bested with an arch and fronted by a rectangular colonnaded yard. The extraordinary vaulted arch is 43.2 m (142 ft) in measurement, and the whole structure is lit through one gap, called an oculus, in the focal point of the arch. The Pantheon was raised by the Roman sovereign Hadrian between AD 118 and 128, supplanting a littler sanctuary worked by the legislator Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 27 BC. In the mid seventh century it was sanctified as a congregation, Santa Maria advertisement Martyres, to which act it owes its endurance (see Architecture). The term pantheon likewise alludes to a structure that fills in as a tomb or dedication for prominent personages of a nation. The most well known model is the Church of Sainte Genevi?ve in Paris, structured (1764) in the old style by the French planner Jacques Germain Soufflot. It was later secularized, renamed the Pantheon, and utilized as a sanctuary to respect the extraordinary of France. Worked in Rome, AD c.118-28, in the rule of Emperor Hadrian, the Pantheon is the best safeguarded and generally noteworthy of all Roman structures. It has applied a colossal impact on all resulting Western engineering. The Pantheon states the supremacy of room as contained volume over structure in the most emotional style. From the hour of the Pantheon ahead, Roman engineering was to be one of spatial volumes. The Pantheon was structured and worked by Hadrian to supplant a prior sanctuary built up by Agrippa (the deceptive engraving in the passageway frieze alludes to this previous building). The current structure is a gigantic round sanctuary secured by a solitary arch, fronted by a transitional square and a customary sanctuary porch of eight Corinthian segments conveying a triangular pediment. Initially, the ungainly juxtaposition of these three areas was mollified by a rectangular gathering before the sanctuary. The sanctuary is misleadingly basic in appearance, comprising of a round drum conveying a hemispherical vault with an inside width of 43.2 m (142 ft). The extents are with the end goal that, whenever reached out to the floor, the bend of the inward surface of the vault would simply kiss the floor; along these lines, an ideal circle is contained, an emblematic reference to the sanctuary's commitment to all the godspan (all) in addition to theos (god)in the circle of the sky. The drum and vault are of strong solid concrete, strengthened with groups of vitrified tile. The vertical gravity loads are gathered and disseminated to the drum by assuaging curves fused in the solid. The mass of the drum, 6.1 m (20 ft) thick, is dug out by a progression of then again rectangular and bended specialties or breaks. Along these lines, the drum is changed into an arrangement of enormous spiral supports, reducing its deadweight without diminishing its quality. The heaviness of the upper segments, and consequently the size of the pushes, was decreased by changing the thickness of the filler in the solid, from pumice in the upper arch to tufa in the center segments and thick basalt in the establishments. The outwardly compressive impact of the arch within is reduced by profound coffers (spaces) transmitting down from the focal oculus (eye)9.1 m (30 ft) in diameterthe just window in the structure. Since the oculus is available to the sky, the floor is marginally inward with a channel at the inside. The structure was changed over into a congregation committed to Mary (Santa Maria Rotunda) in 609, and accordingly it got away from decimation. It is the main Roman structure to hold its marble revetments, mosaics, and stuccowork. The enormous bronze entryways (7 m/24 ft high) are the biggest Roman ways to make due set up and stay being used. Leland M. Roth Catalog: Boethius, Axel, and Ward-Perkins, J. B., Etruscan and Roman Architecture (1970); MacDonald, William L., The Pantheon (1976); Ward-Perkins, J.B., Roman Imperial Architecture (1981).

In a little while, Ill be gone

In a little while, Ill be gone DID YOU KNOW? The late Strom Thurmond filibustered the Civil Rights Act of 1957 by speaking in from of the Senate for 24 hours and 18 minutes consecutively. The bill came up for vote andpassed immediately afterwards. and honestly, that while is just a bit too little. Anyway, after three days of finals I packed my entire life into about twelve boxes and moved back to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Im here for three days trying to get my bearings, shop for travel-appropriate items, and see every single person that I ever knew in high school. On Monday Im headed for the airport in Philadelphia, and from there Ill be in the aeroplane over the sea bound for GERMANY!! Ill be blogging again soon. Probably from GERMANY!! To entertain you, though, here are a few random finals quotes that I can recall: Do you remember 8.02? The night before the test we were studying and Justin looked right at me and said, Whats Gausss Law?' I totally didnt study for this exam Ive only been looking at the material for about four hours. I KNOW! I fell asleep at 12 and didnt wake up until 5! Im such a slacker! Did you finish [the 10.37 exam]? No but I feel like I could have if I were smart. Good answer. Well, thats more than I can say about 10.32. Can you believe that they got Wolfgang Puck, Toni Braxton, and Prince on the American Idol finale?

Globalization Is A Key Component Of A Corporation s...

Globalization is a particular process driven by international trade and investment intentions that works to integrate the companies, people, and governments of different nations. Globalization has an impact on several key factors of the global nations and citizens. Just a few of the things impacted by globalization are the environment, political systems, culture, economic development, prosperity, quality of life, and the well-being of people in societies around the world. Information technology has been a major driving force behind globalization and that information technology has now become a key component of a corporation’s global business strategy. Advancements in information technology have dramatically influenced economic life, as well as giving consumers, investors, and businesses valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities throughout the world. Information technology and tools based on IT enabled them to identify the economic trends happening globally more securely, as well as letting people involved in economic transactions and collaborations work more conveniently with people located in other regions throughout the world (Jilberto, 2002). Regionalization (Whiting,1996) in economic terms illustrates and encompasses the way the communities within a region, like governments, the people of the state, and regional associations, pool their material and non-material resources to build up associations for better economic functionalities. TheShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Of Business : Globalization1486 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization in Business: Globalization refers to the changes in the world where we are moving away from self-contained countries and toward a more integrated world. Globalization of business is the change in a business from a company associated with a single country to one that operates in multiple countries. Impact of Globalization: Market globalization is the decline in barriers to selling in countries other than the home country. This change will make it easier for your company to begin sellingRead MoreGlobalization Of Business : Globalization1486 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization in Business: Globalization refers to the changes in the world where we are moving away from self-contained countries and toward a more integrated world. Globalization of business is the change in a business from a company associated with a single country to one that operates in multiple countries. Impact of Globalization: Market globalization is the decline in barriers to selling in countries other than the home country. 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Marjane Satrapi s The Iranian Revolution Of 1979

One result of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 was that women were forced by law to wear the compulsory hijab. At first, not many people took this seriously and many peaceful protests were organized. Eventually, women began to suffer at the hands of the government for refusing to submit. In this novel, Marjane is an Iranian girl living during the turmoil of the Islamic Revolution and eventually the Iran-Iraq War. She is invested in the politics of her world even from a very young age, though her views are a little skewed due to lack of direct experience. As she grows, however, her loyalty to her religion and her country warps and fades as she comes face-to-face with the reality of the world rather than her simplified and romanticized†¦show more content†¦Since she must imagine them herself, her perception of the world around her can often be proven wrong. She has to learn this through her own experience rather than reading it in a book. Though she is not specifically re belling against anything, it was unusual for a girl her age to be so invested in the political scene of the country. Many of her friends were aware of what was going on, but Marjane had a much deeper dedication to learning everything she possibly could about the turmoil. She often expressed interest in wanting to join her parents at demonstrations around the city to protest the rule of the Shah. Marjane was not allowed, of course, but this desire to be a part of a change was indicative of her rebellious nature and political activism later in her life. During the awkward period between young child and teenager, Marjane explores new concepts like forgiveness and loss that begin to shape her viewpoint. She copes with people of opposing viewpoints and the death of her beloved uncle, Anoosh. As she grows, she becomes more and more reckless. One time she cuts class with some of her older friends and her mother gets very upset with her. 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Author Marjane Satrapi’s novel Persepolis, exposes the regime behind this oppression of the Iran woman and compares western cultural expectations to that of Iranian culture. Yet, even behind the confinements of the veil many women are finding ways to rebel against the Iranian society’s oppression and find their own individual identities under strict conformities. By design the veil is meant

The Bean Trees- Outsider Free Essays

In The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, being an outsider is not just one main theme, but it is one theme that is reoccurring throughout the whole book. When someone is an outsider, they are different from everyone else, and somewhat stand out. Right off the bat, outsiders don’t fit into commonly used stereotypes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bean Trees- Outsider or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kingsolver uses Taylor, Turtle, Esperanza, and Estevan to portray this theme. Taylor is an outsider because she is just not a typical girl. Unlike many other girls in her town, Taylor does not want to become pregnant. In fact, she wants to graduate from high-school, or at least intended to, and wants to have a good future. Even though Taylor doesn’t want to get pregnant, she gets stuck with being a mother anyways. Taylor travels to find a more meaningful life, but she still feel like she doesn’t fit in, or even belong. Because Taylor doesn’t share any specific ‘bond’ with anyone, she is an outsider. Later on in the novel, she meets Esperanza and Estevan, who share common values as her. Turtle, Taylor’s adoptive daughter is as well an outsider. As Turtle was abused, she suffers to be an outsiders to her own body. Because of this, Turtle will never develop mentally as quick as other children her age. For the first half of The Bean Trees, Turtle is silent. She cannot communicate with others, as her own words are trapped inside of her body, causing her to be an outsider from the ones who love and surround her. Kingsolver converts the message that many different barriers can cause people to become outsiders, as Turtle’s is a language barrier. When turtle finally overcomes these barriers and finds someone who shares common strengths and weaknesses, she is finally an insider. Esperanza is living in a country where she is not welcomes because of her culture. She was forced to give up her own child, and does not express herself because of a language barrier. Everyday, she lives holding her emotions inside, feeling as an outsider, thinking she doesn’t even belong here, which eventually bottles up, and leads her to try and kill herself. Although she is married, she is still missing a puzzle piece, her daughter. Estevan is clearly an outsider, as well is his wife, Esperanza, because they are immigrants. Estevan is used to all of the hate against immigrants, and he becomes accustomed to being an outsider. Estevan states â€Å"What I really hate is not belonging in any place. To be unwanted everywhere. † Conveying these thoughts, Estevan believes him nor his wife, Esperanza, have a place in society. Later in the novel, Taylor, Esperanza, and Estevan become insiders as they find outsiders who they share common morals and bonds with. In life, everyone has numerous obstacles and barriers they think they may never overcome, but once they do, they are finally able to communicate to the world and create friendships with people who have similar interests. When everyone comes together as a family, each and every person is finally appreciated for every attribute that makes them unique. Being an outsider is not particularly a bad thing, as it might just be what keeps one human and especially different from everyone else. How to cite The Bean Trees- Outsider, Essay examples

The Bean Trees- Outsider Free Essays

In The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, being an outsider is not just one main theme, but it is one theme that is reoccurring throughout the whole book. When someone is an outsider, they are different from everyone else, and somewhat stand out. Right off the bat, outsiders don’t fit into commonly used stereotypes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bean Trees- Outsider or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kingsolver uses Taylor, Turtle, Esperanza, and Estevan to portray this theme. Taylor is an outsider because she is just not a typical girl. Unlike many other girls in her town, Taylor does not want to become pregnant. In fact, she wants to graduate from high-school, or at least intended to, and wants to have a good future. Even though Taylor doesn’t want to get pregnant, she gets stuck with being a mother anyways. Taylor travels to find a more meaningful life, but she still feel like she doesn’t fit in, or even belong. Because Taylor doesn’t share any specific ‘bond’ with anyone, she is an outsider. Later on in the novel, she meets Esperanza and Estevan, who share common values as her. Turtle, Taylor’s adoptive daughter is as well an outsider. As Turtle was abused, she suffers to be an outsiders to her own body. Because of this, Turtle will never develop mentally as quick as other children her age. For the first half of The Bean Trees, Turtle is silent. She cannot communicate with others, as her own words are trapped inside of her body, causing her to be an outsider from the ones who love and surround her. Kingsolver converts the message that many different barriers can cause people to become outsiders, as Turtle’s is a language barrier. When turtle finally overcomes these barriers and finds someone who shares common strengths and weaknesses, she is finally an insider. Esperanza is living in a country where she is not welcomes because of her culture. She was forced to give up her own child, and does not express herself because of a language barrier. Everyday, she lives holding her emotions inside, feeling as an outsider, thinking she doesn’t even belong here, which eventually bottles up, and leads her to try and kill herself. Although she is married, she is still missing a puzzle piece, her daughter. Estevan is clearly an outsider, as well is his wife, Esperanza, because they are immigrants. Estevan is used to all of the hate against immigrants, and he becomes accustomed to being an outsider. Estevan states â€Å"What I really hate is not belonging in any place. To be unwanted everywhere. † Conveying these thoughts, Estevan believes him nor his wife, Esperanza, have a place in society. Later in the novel, Taylor, Esperanza, and Estevan become insiders as they find outsiders who they share common morals and bonds with. In life, everyone has numerous obstacles and barriers they think they may never overcome, but once they do, they are finally able to communicate to the world and create friendships with people who have similar interests. When everyone comes together as a family, each and every person is finally appreciated for every attribute that makes them unique. Being an outsider is not particularly a bad thing, as it might just be what keeps one human and especially different from everyone else. How to cite The Bean Trees- Outsider, Essay examples

Strategic Orientation In Change Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Orientation In Change Management? Answer: Introducation Organizations often undergo changes in their structure, management and leadership within the course of doing business. In order to meaningfully undertake such changes, they are called upon to make use of the different models and theories on change management. The theories are helpful in several different considerations for such organizations. They help to assess the organization at the macro level in order to give the leaders a clear direction on the expected change. The driving force that drives the change is also revealed and how the change process will occur in terms of stages, timing and the characteristics of the process. The process of change is also defined in the different models and this address issues such as change content, outcomes and measurements. Organizational change at ANZ bank began by employing the Lewins management of change theory where the organization underwent the process of unfreezing, change and freezing again. The changes undertaken at ANZ banking group was teleological in nature as it was change that was planned. This model of change emphasizes on organizational norms, values and attitudes (George 2016). The change model instituted can best be understood as organizational development strategy that utilized the McKinsey 7S model of change while the leaders involve employed different styles and traits of leading. Theories applicable Lewin's theory is posited on three stages of change which are: unfreeze, change and freeze. The unfreeze stage prepares the organization for the expected change and to remove the barriers that impede it. At ANZ, McFarlane instituted changes that not only prepared the employees but also the community and customers for change. He freezed the ongoing bank closure directive that was being implemented and this was followed by a drive to cut costs. The resultant thousands of jobs lost was a signal the bank would undergo change. The actual change process began in 2007 when McFarlane and the leadership team decided to implement an organizational strategy of change (Skalik 2016). This was known as Perform, Grow and Breakout. This strategy was intended to increase shareholder value and increase financial performance. It was also focused on strengthening the brand, leadership and revenue. Building the foundation for leadership that is sustainable aimed at long-term success was also incorporated within the strategy of change ( Vladimir-Codrin 2014).The parameters that would guide the change and allow for employee input came after undertaking a performance ethic and assessment of values survey. The change was actualized through three initiatives that involved breakout workshops, breakout consulting and charters. The breakout program was essentially focused on cultural transformation at the institution. After the change, McFarlane undertook the last process which was to consolidate the gains made during the process of change. This was done within the consideration of performance management that would freeze the new paradigm expected of the employees. The consolidation stage is intended to ensure that the result of the process is long lasting and permanent (Langley, Smallman, and Tsoukas Van De Ven 2013). The process factored in four critical key result areas (KRAs): community measures, people, customers and financial performance. It would be carried out practically in three phases which include Performance planning, coaching and assessment. The McKinsey 7S model The McKinsey 7S model can also be used to analyze the transformation at the bank with more detail at the component level. The model is underpinned by seven stages which guide the process of change (Nielsen Abdilgaard 2013). These are: strategy, structure, systems, shared values, style, skills and staff. The strategy embraced by the leadership of ANZ bank was named as Perform, Grow and Breakout. The structure of ANZ is split into five divisions which work in collaboration as one. These are the Shared services, Institutional and those based in New Zealand, Asia Pacific and Australia. The structure of reporting is interactive with the line managers through the Performance Assessment that is done yearly. The process of change focused on developing the skills of the employees through programs such as the Emerging Leader Radar Talent which is run by line and HR managers. Additionally, the bank runs a graduate trainee program which allows for the graduate to develop a skill set that is broad in order to have a better understanding of the business. The focus is to develop leadership potentials of the employees (Campbell 2014). Staff considerations are based on controlling the volume while increasing productivity based on the banks balance sheet paying for performance. The philosophy on staff is to have fewer employees who are better paid and more productive. The style taken by the managers at the higher echelons is the one of coaching the employees. The managers are expected to implement long-term development plans for the employees in order to ensure they have learning opportunities and support in order to succeed in their jobs (Farrell 2015). The process of change resulted in shared organizational values which include integrity, collaboration and accountability. Other values espoused are respect and excellence both at the organizational and personal level. Quantz et al (2017), states that these values drive the organizational culture where the employee is expected to perform at their best and factor in the best interests of all stakeholders. Challenges for managers in implementing transformation strategies One of the challenges that managers are confronted with is the resistance to change experienced with an organization. The bias against the change that prefers to maintain the status quo originates due to several fears amongst the employees. Jiang, Probst Benson (2014), state that the fear could that of losing employment, working more for less pay or transfer to divisions which may be far away. The resistance may be active or passive amongst the employees. Smollan (2017), states that one approach for the manager would be to take time in informal sittings where they can listen to the employees, communicate the intended change and prepare them psychologically. Another challenge is ineffective communication that results in the manager being misinterpreted or misunderstood. This also leads to distrust with the employees. The lack of effective communication may also affect the senior management. The remedial measure that managers may be undertaken is to have a clear internal corporate communication strategy that is clear in order to l address issues such as employee complaints and grievances, conflict which is interpersonal and discipline during the process of change ( Nielsen Randall 2012). Feedback from employees should be appropriately communicated to the senior management and the organizational leadership. Another challenge is the strategy which focuses on cost cutting which may be beneficial in the short- run but may prove to be short sighted in hindsight. An example is McFarlane who bailed out of emerging markets in order to lower the risk profile of the bank. The bank was left behind by its competitors in wealth management by the banks that had made significant acquisitions. While trying to avoid making errors, there is the potential problem of being risk averse which ultimately turns out to be negative in its outcomes. The change came at the cost of avoiding stepping out of the comfort zone that is established by focusing on cultural change alone. The cultural web can be used in the process of cultural change within an organization. The new paradigm can be symbolized by changing the company logo, office layout and the code of dressing. This creates a visual representation that is set out by the organization in the process of change. Rituals and routines can also play a vital role in instilling into the employee certain actions expected of them on a daily basis. The meetings also serve as the point to reinforce the statements of the commitment to change (Christofilos, DeMatteo Penciner 2015). The power structure that invests real authority in one or two persons is important during the process of change. The persons with power should act as the champions of change and should have influence. The style of leadership they chose is critical in leading the process of change. The work life balance of the leader is important in motivating the employees to adopt change. Transformational leadership is the ideal style of leading in transformation and can be seen in McFarlane who championed himself as a well rounded individual (Kezar 2001). It is this human face a leader that he proposed to bring to the bank- a bank with a human face. This is important for the employees in balancing their personal and professional life as well as identifying whether they are square holes or round holes. The change champion embodied in the leader is critical in helping employees make the right choices. The ADKAR (awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement) model of change is helpful in aligning the business side of change with the people concerned within the organization. Kiani Shah (2014), state that it begins with awareness as to why there is need for change and is followed by the desire to change and engage in participation which is the result of management to the resistance. Knowledge about the outcomes of change should come from education, coaching and training. The ability to implement the change should be the goal that targets the performance level of the employee. Reinforcement which fits with the Lewins freeze stage is meant to ensure that the change is permanent and results from action that is corrective. Specific leadership attributes in the case study The leadership at ANZ can be narrowed down to four principle people: McFarlane, the managers, Michael Smith and Charles Goode. McFarlanes style of leading is both visionary and transformational. The visionary aspect can be seen in the approach taken together with his leadership team in unveiling the Perform, Grow and Breakout strategy. He does not exclusively set out to give direction alone but works with a team in setting out the vision which is then presented to the employees (Al-Ali, Singh, Al-Nahyan Sohan 2017). His visionary leadership is built on the expertise he gained having worked successfully at senior postings in Ford, Citibank and Standard Chartered Bank. At this critical stage of change, the bank needed new vision which McFarlane brought onboard. He also exhibits the transformational leadership style that embodies qualities that inspire change. The quality of individualized consideration probes the employee to question whether they are round holes or square ones within the organization and sets them on the course of self development (Arif, Kashif Sindu 2007). Inspirational motivation is manifest in providing the meaning for the expected change. Employees will be remunerated according to their input to the balance sheet and this gives them the sense of purpose in embracing change. This style is delivered within traits that show social boldness and being tough minded. He reverses the decision to close down branches and retreat from rural areas. He also implements cost cutting measures that result in the loss of thousands of jobs. The managers within the framework of change are expected to meet regularly with the employees and coach them. This is part of the Performance Coaching phase that ensures they have the support and opportunity to actualize their roles. The managers employ the coaching leader style of leading that connects the employees values, goals with the organizational objectives (Gandolfi Stone 2017). The managers focus on developing the emotional intelligence of the staff under them for success in the future that is long-term in orientation (Jensen Bojeun 2017). The common trait needed by the managers is the emotional stability to deal with levels of stress and frustration that is attendant with coaching. Psychological maturity is critical in order to deal with challenges that may arise as they coach their juniors. The fourth leader in the case study is Michael Smith whose style of leading is the pacesetting approach (Kezar 2001). After taking over the reins, he immediately faced challenges in 2008 which necessitated shedding off some jobs in further restructuring that right sized the bank. He moved some operations to Bangalore, restructured in order to improve focus on the customer and strengthen the balance sheet. He also sets to fix the shortcomings within the equity finance side of the bank which involved taking disciplinary action against some employees. His trait is one of dominance and being tough minded with low attachment to sentimental value. Apparently the equity business had no real value but was sentimental to the bank. The last leader for analysis is the chairman, Charles Goode whose style of leading is the affiliative approach (Landis, Hill Harvey 2014). Having been present during the time of change, he witnessed high ranking individuals exit the bank under the tenure of McFarlane. Realizing that new blood was needed in order to come and mend the fences and bad blood in the upper management, he took the approach that people should come first. Having come through a period that was stressful for all employees, re-mending trust and dissipating tension called for this style of leading (Choi Sang, Lim Zhi Tan Wee 2016). The trait exhibited is to be conscientious to be bound by duty as the chairman to ensure continuity which is harmonious for the bank. He therefore used his position to push for new leadership despite objections from the shareholders on the timing. Conclusion Organizations often undergo changes in their structure, management and leadership within the course of doing business. Meaningfully changes that are transformative often require the use and of different models and theories on change management. The process of change at ANZ bank under the leadership of McFarlane utilized two concepts and theories of change management at the organizational level. The Lewins model was used to catalyze the organization to change using broad parameters. The McKinsey 7 S model offers more depth and insight into the component aspects that were targeted for change. The change resulted in right sizing the human resource component coupled with cultural change that espoused new organizational values. The process of change is fraught with challenges such as the resistance by employees to change. Other challenges include lack of clear communication which requires change managers to come up with proactive solutions. Some models that can be employed within organizations to facilitate a smooth transition of change are the cultural web and ADKAR models. These models help the employee to align their values and goals to that of the organization. Leaders and their style of management coupled with personality traits affect the process of change. Each leader and manager will adopt the style relevant to the stage of change. Collectively, the different leadership styles and models adopted in the process of change ensure that the change is transformational, beneficial and long-lasting References Al-Ali, AA, Singh, SK, Al-Nahyan, M, Sohal, AS, 2017, 'Change management through leadership: the mediating role of organizational culture', International Journal of Organizational Analysis (1934-8835), vol. 25, no. 4, p. 723. Available from: 10.1108/IJOA-01-2017-1117, viewed 16 September 2017. Arif, M, Zahid, S, Kashif, U, Sindhu, MI, 2017, 'Role of leader-member exchange relationship in organizational change management: Mediating role of organizational culture', International Journal of Organizational Leadership, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 32-41. Campbell, H, 2014, Managing Organizational Change : A Practical Toolkit for Leaders, 1st Edition, Kogan Page, Philadelphia, PA. Choi Sang, L, Lim Zhi, Y, Tan Wee, C, 2016, 'Analysis of the Relationship between Leadership Styles and Affective Organizational Commitment', International Journal of Management, Accounting Economics, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 572-598. Christofilos, V, DeMatteo, D, Penciner, R, 2015, 'Outcomes of commitment to change statements after an interprofessional faculty development program', Journal of Interprofessional Care, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 273-275. Available from: 10.3109/13561820.2014.950725, viewed 16 September 2017. Farrell, M, 2015, 'Long Term Vision Creates Perspective', Journal of Library Administration, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 121-130. Available from: 10.1080/01930826.2014.995556, viewed 16 September 2017. Gandolfi, F, Stone, S, 2017, 'The Emergence of Leadership Styles: A Clarified Categorization', Review of International Comparative Management / Revista de Management Comparat International, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 18-30. George, B 2016, 'ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT: PART OF THE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY', Revista Economica, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 149-157. Jensen, D, Bojeun, M, 2017, 'The Value of EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE in Transformational Change', AMA Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 12-15. Jiang, L, Probst, TM, Benson, WL, 2014, 'Why me? The frog-pond effect, relative deprivation and individual outcomes in the face of budget cuts', Work Stress, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 387-403. Available from: 10.1080/02678373.2014.965241, viewed 16 September 2017. Kezar, A, 2001, Understanding and Facilitating Organizational Change in the 21st Century: Recent Research and Conceptualizations, ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Volume 28, Number 4. Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report. 28. Kiani, A, Shah, MH, 2014, 'An Application of ADKAR Change Model for the Change Management Competencies of School Heads in Pakistan', Journal of Managerial Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 77-95. Landis, EA, Hill, D, Harvey, MR, 2014, 'A Synthesis of Leadership Theories and Styles', Journal of Management Policy Practice, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 97-100. Langley, A, Smallman, C, Tsoukas, H, Van De Ven, AH, 2013, 'PROCESS STUDIES OF CHANGE IN ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT: UNVEILING TEMPORALITY, ACTIVITY, AND FLOW', Academy of Management Journal, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 1-13. Available from: 10.5465/amj.2013.4001, viewed 16 September 2017. Nielsen, K, Abildgaard, JS, 2013, 'Organizational interventions: A research-based framework for the evaluation of both process and effects', Work Stress, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 278-297. Available from: 10.1080/02678373.2013.812358, viewed 16 September 2017. Nielsen, K, Randall, R, 2012, 'The importance of employee participation and perceptions of changes in procedures in a teamworking intervention', Work Stress, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 91-111. Available from: 10.1080/02678373.2012.682721, viewed 16 September 2017. Quantz, R, Cambron-McCabe, N, Dantley, M, Hachem, AH, 2017, 'Culture-Based Leadership', International Journal of Leadership in Education, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 376-392. Skalik, J, 2016, 'Strategic orientation in change management and using it when designing a company's development', Management (1429-9321), vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 197-210. Available from: 10.1515/manment-2015-0034, viewed 16 September 2017. Smollan, RK, 2017, 'Supporting staff through stressful organizational change', Human Resource Development International, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 282-304. Available from: 10.1080/13678868.2017.1288028, viewed 16 September 2017. Vladimir-Codrin, I, 2014, 'Leadership, Culture and Organizational Change', Manager, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 65-71 (2014), no. 1, p. 65.

Song report (Metallica

Metallica is a rock band consisting of four main members although it had other members who left the band to form their own bands. It was formed in 1981in Los Angeles. The band is considered to be one of the initiators of hard rock as a type of rock music. They included aggressiveness and instrumentals in their music and coupled it with quick tempo. This made them to be recognized for their hard metallic rock style of music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Song report (Metallica – Enter sandman) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article details on how the group Metallica fits into the history of rock. It also highlights on their inspirations and influences during the moments that they became a hit. Besides this, this article also highlights on some of the aspects of the song ‘enter sandman’ by the group with respect to historical traces of style and musical ingredient. Rock music has over t he past years been changing to a different style and after sometimes it reinvents itself and moves back to the old style. Rock music dates back to 1940s with the introduction of electric guitars. It became a modification of the style that existed then. The group Metallica began during the 1980s where mainstream rock music had lost its ground on and started to sound stale. This paved the way for new ideas such as post punk and metal rock. They used more electric instrumentations with a mode of songwriting that was quite different. Among the groups that were active during this period included the Metallic. Its first album in 1983, displayed this new entry of rock music and it got popularity among rock fans. Gradually they managed to pull four albums by the end of 1980s. All these albums were relevant to the mode of the rock music of that time. Metallica has been very influential in the music of rock. They are among the rock bands that are attributed to the founding of the trash rock. This is their legacy and their biggest contribution to the history of rock. They have sold millions of copies of their music globally with the US being the largest consumer of their music. This has made it to be referred to as the most influential band that existed in the 80s. Their style of music and handling of the electric guitar, made so many other band to want to emulate them. Some of their songs have been featured in many albums belonging to other rock bands that were inspired by Metallica. The music channel MTV placed the group as the third best metal rock band of all time. Their main big influences included bands that played heavy metal in the past. The song enter sandman, was a big hit in its time winning several awards. It incorporated aspects of styles that were used during the early times of rock music. For instance it uses fast tempos, a style that was earlier used by groups such as the scorpion that sang heavy metal.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This same style was equally used by hard rock groups and punk rock. Another aspect of the song stylistic devise is the use of harmonized leads, something very common with earlier rock music such as punk and heavy metal. The song was recorded to target the mainstream market that was looking promising then. It managed to attract a very huge crowd and liking. It won several awards and sold millions of copies to the entire world. This essay on Song report (Metallica – Enter sandman) was written and submitted by user Maverick C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

CEO Pay essays

CEO Pay essays STATUS REPORT: WHERE WE STAND ON CEO PAY Recently, in a report on current CEO pay, CEO compensation seems to have become a major issue. In recent years, boards have shifted the mix of executive pay away from cash and toward stock options. Stock options now represent 53% of CEO compensation packages compared to 40% a decade ago. Options averaged $5 million in 1999, up 17% from 1998. Among major firms, 1998 CEO compensation averaged $30.5 million, up 36% from $22.4 million in 1997. That includes salary, bonuses, value of restricted stock and assorted perks, gains from exercising stock options and the 12-month rise in value of unexercised options. According to a 1999 article by Ron Yezzi of Minnesota State University, corporate CEOs in the United States, on average, earn 32 times as much as comparable CEOs in Great Britain, six times as much as those in Japan, and four times as those in Germany. While it may seem initially outrageous for a CEO to make 100 times the salary of a typical worker at the company, some perspective is necessary. Unlike the CEO of a large corporation, the typical worker does not have to make decisions that affect thousands, or even tens of thousands of employees, answer to the stockholders who demand higher profits and higher stock value, grasp all the workings of the corporation and oversee an efficient managing team, and take continual risks to insure the corporations competitiveness in a free market economy. One major factor in the escalation of CEO income is the practice of tying CEO compensation to performance. For example, defenders of Michael Eisners mind boggling compensation point out that he took Disney from revenues of $1.5 billion in 1984 to $18.7 billion in 1996 and that the stock rose from three dollars per share to more than $75 per share during that time. Millard Dexler, CEO of apparel chain powerhouse, Gap, is another example of the relationship betwe...

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Finance - Essay Example (Annecy, n.d. Annecy Bid 2018.) Ticket sales are the highest in Pyeongchang. After that comes Munich. The difference between Munich projection and Pyeongchang projection has reached the point of $56.122 million dollars. Sponsorship includes TDP and Local Sponsorship. He highest sum of money goes for Annecy. This company is known to contribute up to $940.673 million into sponsorship. A second company in the list is Munich Company. It was estimated that the overall income of this company has reached the point of $762.340 million dollars. Consequently, if to review this company in terms of sponsorship, Annecy can be regarded as the most favorable contestants for Olympics. ( Munich, n.d. Munich Olympic Bid 2018) Third criterion to be viewed in this paper is licensing. When to review companies from the point of view of licensing, I can definitely say that the most â€Å"earning† city in the list is Annecy. This city is able to give the revenue from licensing which totals $51.15 million dollars. A second company in the list is Pyeonchang. This company earns as much as $43.6 million dollars. Consequently, a conclusion can be made that in terms of licensing and in terms of revenue potential Annecy occupies the first place in the list. On the basis of the analysis above we would conclude that Annecy is able to project the highest revenue which totaled to $2,049.750 million dollars. Therefore, we can consider Annecy as the most suitable candidate for hosting the Olympics. (Munich, n.d. Munich Olympic Bid 2018) The expenditure table indicates that the total expenditures projected by Annecy are on the higher side and the expenditures of Munich are on the lower side. The only minus is a relatively high amount of money needed to finance workforce in Annecy. Here the expenses on the work force proved to be higher as compared to the other cities. The expenses incurred by Annecy are higher than then of Munich what

Discussion board post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion board post - Assignment Example Response 2 The topic sentence, â€Å"People get married for reasons other than love† does not support the thesis statement, â€Å"To make a marriage work, a couple must build trust, communication, and understanding.† This is because the thesis statement seeks to address the components of a good marriage while the topic sentence seemingly defines the purposes and the factors that lead to a marriage. Response 3 The topic sentence, â€Å"Many customers use PayPal for online purchases† does not support the thesis statement, â€Å"Internet sales are capturing a larger market share relative to in-store sales.† This is because the thesis statement seeks to compare the magnitude of internet sales with that of in-store sales while the topic sentence clearly define the modes of payments used by most online customers. PART 2 Paragraph 1 Recent research has given us much deeper—and more surprising—insights into the father’s role in childrearing. M y family is typical of the east side in that we never had much money. Their tongues became black and hung out of their mouths. The back-to-basics movement got a lot of press, fueled as it was by fears of growing illiteracy and cultural demise. Paragraph 3 Recent research has given us much deeper—and more surprising—insights into the father’s role in childrearing. It shows that in almost all of their interactions with children, fathers do things a little differently from mothers. What fathers do—their special parenting style—is not only highly complementary to what mothers do but is by all indications important in its own right. [The passage continues by showing the special ways that fathers contribute to childrearing.] Response 1 The third paragraph makes most sense to me because it has a good structure and sentence flow that conveniently explains the unique research findings, which discuss the father’s role in childrearing. It shows how fat hers contribute to childrearing and equally compares their role with that of mothers. However, the first paragraph makes no sense at all because it is hard to understand, has no flow, and the sentences do not correlate with the father’s role in childrearing. Response 2 1) Much of the violence we see in the world today may be caused by the emphasis on violence in the media. (2) More often than not, the front page of the local newspaper contains stories involving violence. (3) In fact, one recent issue of my local newspaper contained several references to violent acts. (4) There is also violence in public school systems. (5) Television reporters frequently hasten to crime and accident scenes and film every grim, violent detail. (6) The other day, there was a drive-by shooting downtown. (7) If the media were a little more careful about the ways in which they glamorize violence, there might be less violence in the world today and children would be less influenced by it. There is no unity in the above paragraph because no explanation follows the fourth sentence and indeed the fifth sentence does not refer to the fourth sentence thus isolating the fourth sentence from the entire paragraph. Response 3 1) A fairy tale is a serious story with a human hero and a happy ending. (2) The hero in a fairy tale is different from the hero in a tragedy in that his progression is from bad to good fortune,

Criminology Essays Crime and Society in Australia

Criminology Essays Crime and Society in Australia Crime and Society in Australia What is Crime? Crime can be defined as breaking the law. The government or authorities usually set laws that the citizens must follow, punishment is prescribed for those who bleach those laws. The laws provided by a state are an example of behaviour codes that influence society. The legal or criminal justice system enforces the law and punishes those who break it. There is a social stigma associate with crime. It is important to note that all breaches of the law are not criminal such as civil offences and breach of contract. The tag ‘crime’ is usually reserved for the offences that cause harm or injury to the public, individuals or the state. Social, political, economic and psychological conditions influence the definition of crime and how the law is enforced. These changes may criminalize or decriminalize behaviour. The statistics on crime will have to take this factor into account. Who is the Criminal? A criminal is deviant who does not follow social codes that exist in the society. Legally, a criminal is a person who breaches the law and commits a crime. This offender is the tried before a court of law for breaking the law. A criminal is usually found to be guilty of the charges put against him/her. A sentence or punishment is give to such an individual. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Types of crime In Australia crimes are legally classified as either indictable or non-indictable. Indictable offences are heard in a superior court in the presences of a jury. However, non-indictable offences are heard in magistrate courts and jury is not necessary. Although there are many differences in the various jurisdictions, a conclusion was made that offences include; fraud, burglary, robbery, rape, assault and homicide. Crime is categorized as violent, public order or property crime in the criminal justice statistics. Violent crimes consist of assault, sexual violence, robbery, kidnapping or abduction and homicide. Robbery to some extent is a property crime. Nevertheless, it’s well thought-out a wicked crime since the risk of violence is a graver offence. Criminal Justice organization in Australia Australia’s criminal law has evolved from the initial law adopted from the English common law. This central administration of this country is composed of the national government and six states. The commonwealth government enforces its own laws. Commonwealth offences include drug trafficking, breach of social security laws, property and personal offences that occur within the commonwealth. Every state has its own criminal law. States like; Tasmania, Western Australia and Queensland have enacted the criminal codes. This law also applies in other Australia states like those from the south and the new south of Wales. Currently gender, race, policing, law and crime are some of the topics for debate in the criminal justice system. Stakeholders are kin on establishing a relationship between crime, gender, race and the legal justice system. However, the issue has not received adequate media and political attention. Gender Race According to statistics on Australia’s workforce in criminal justice work there are more men compared to women. Information and statistics provided also shows Australian indigenous white male represent the largest population in the prisons. The author notes that the normal group of just about 2% of Australia’s female population accounts for half of the overall number of indigenous Australian women who are in prison.† These findings are astonishing. In addition, statistics also reveals that majority of those working in criminal justice are white males. The population of indigenous white men is larger than that of indigenous Australian women. Evidently, there is a racial disparity in the workforce of the criminal justice system in Australia. Policing The role of the police in the legal justice system is analyzed by Cunneen in his book called, Administration, offence and clash: indigenous Communities and the law. The author examines the over-criminalization of Australia’s indigenous people in relation to their colonial past. He developed a theory that there is a relationship between criminalization and colonization of the indigenous people. Cunneen gives attention to the role the police play in the process of criminalization of the indigenous people. He notes that the law enforcers particularly the police have limited effectives; their policies and practices are shortcoming. The police need to change their colonial policing style and culture. A zero tolerance approach towards crime has been adopted however, it is important to protect human rights and to use good judgment. Police have a vital role in crime prevention and reaction. However, more emphasis should be placed on crime prevention. The police need to organize targeted patrols, follow ups for victims with repeat allegations, faster improved response to victims, problem identification and development of solutions as well as cooperation with other law enforcing agencies. For this changes to take place successfully a cultural and mind set change is fundamental (Brereton 2000). Age The minimum age for trial in Australia’s juvenile court and in the adult courts varies. Nonetheless, 7 years is the minimum age for trial in a juvenile court and 16 years for trial in an adult court in most states. In some jurisdictions criminal charges such as murder, rape and treason are tried in adult courts. Sexuality Crime and society in Australia Women have often been the victims of crime. A study was conducted on the victimization of women in Australia. The survey on sexual and physical violence was carried out on women between 18 to 69 years. The definition of physical violence included threats, arm twisting, attempted suffocation and use of weapons like knifes or a guns. Forced sexual engagement, unwelcome sexual touch and attempts of sexual violence. According to the report 10% of the women who participated in the survey had experienced male violence that year or the previous one. The number of women who underwent bodily violence was twofold as high as that of the ones who experienced sexual violence. The statistics indicated that 5% of the physical violence was perpetrated by a non-partner while 3% of the sexual violence was also committed by a non-partner. The report defined a non-partner as a friend, relative, acquaintance, workmate or stranger. General, partner sexual and physical violence are hardly reported to the authorities. Most victims find it easier to speak to their families and friends than report to the police. Table 1: Reports by victims of violence to family members, friends and the police. Partner violence Non-partner violence Family 42% 51% Friends 55% 57% Police 15% 16% The main question here is why the female victims of violence fail to report to the police. One of the most common reasons given by the victims was that they thought the case was minor or they thought that nothing could be done to help them. Has the legal system failed those whom it should protect? Its necessary to evaluate how informed the public is on individuals rights. Another area of concern is how much a person should take or allow them to be subjected to, in relation to violence before they can speak and seek legal justice. In 2001 and 2002 about 18 women were victims of gang rape and assault. Some record of a bunch of criminals’ rape committed by brothers from Pakistani is an example of such cases. Their victims were teenage girls from different ethnic backgrounds. The crime was comparable to Lebanese gang rapes in Sydney. Australia’s law defines rape as â€Å"unlawful sexual act with another person by force; without their consent.† The rapists’ record tape a great amount of their rape and this was used in court as evidence. The criminal justice system judged and punished the perpetrators. The â€Å"K† brothers were sentenced to 15 to 24 years imprisonment. They were convicted for a total of 70 years for the 28 rape charges against them. In November 2005, an appeal made by three of the brothers was rejected. Instead in 2006 there term was extended by the Supreme Court (New South Wales). On of the brothers however, committed suicide in his cell. By 2007 the brothers were to face additional rape charges. During the court proceedings the issue of cultural difference between Australian and Pakistani culture arose. The rapist claimed that they did not understand what consent meant according to Australia’s terms. According to them the girls’ behaviour was a form of consent. They claimed that their victims behaved in a way that Pakistani girls would not especially if they were not willing to cooperate. The presiding judge dismissed their claims and openly told off their lawyer for making such an argument. The above incident is an example of immigrants been the perpetrators of crime. The difference in culture is certain no excuse for committing such crimes. It is important to question how allowing immigrants into Australia influences crime. Certainly, different definitions of crime exist in varying countries and culture. What actions are in place to make sure that the importance of Australia’s population is safeguarded? Women are also victims of trafficking in Australia. These women are usually trafficked from other countries especially Asia and forced to work in as sex workers. The media highlighted this issue and claimed that government agencies helped the perpetrator. According to the media the government mismanaged cases by victims of trafficking and deported those women without giving them any compensation for the crimes committed against them. In response Australia’s parliament set up a joint committee to investigate the issue. The committee’s findings acknowledged that people trafficking is a major crime in Australia. Most of the trafficked people were unaware of the nature of work they would have to do in Australia. The committee was also concerned about the ease with which traffickers could access visas for hundreds of trafficked victims without raising any suspicion. Approximately 300 to 1000 women are trafficked into Australia annually. The trafficked women were forced to work not only in the sex industry but also in clothing and textiles, domestic work, construction and in the hospitality industry. Most of these victims were physically, sexually and mentally assaulted. Moreover, their working conditions were atrocious. Immigration has increased in Australia. In the 20th century more Asians have immigrated to Australia. This has lead to the increase of Asian gangs and criminal activities by these gangs in the major cities. Racial power struggles are evident even in politics. The ‘one National party’ was branded as Nazis by the Jews in Australia. The Australia-Israel Review printed the article with the aim of intimidating the party members. The efforts by the whites in Australia were ignored contrasting the Aborigines. The whites were doing what the Aborigines had done but there move was termed as racist. The local people have in the past organized themselves on racial basis. They have also received unique handling from the government. They even have their own Aboriginal Law Council. The Aborigines account for 2% of Australia’s population. However, according to statistics by the Australian Institute of Criminology the Aborigines make up 30% of the inmates. (Argus, 1985). Recent years have also witnessed crimes organized by a race against another. For instance the 2005 racial violence in Sydney is an example. There was a week long all attack on Muslims following an alleged attack of life guard in North Cronulla beach by a Lebanese man. Innocent people were attacked as gangs took advantage of the situation to target individuals based on their race. The government and the media did not do much to calm the situation. Moreover, to some extent the government was responsible for fuelling such an attack. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks Muslim-Australians were subject to state surveillance, police raids and fear mongering. Media coverage on war on terrorism worsened the situation making all Muslim Australians to be labelled as terrorists. Media coverage on the Sydney riots appeared to support the violence. For instance, the Daily Telegraph, December had the heading â€Å"Fight for Cronulla: we want our beach back†. Past rape cases that in involved Lebanese men give justification to the attackers to claim that all Lebanese men are rapist. Clearly, such a claim has no basis because a number of Lebanese men were convicted of the crime it does not justify the punishment of an entire race. Terrorism is one of the challenges that this generation has to address. However, it is not justified to attack person and destroy property belonging to people because they belong to a particular race that is accused of terrorist acts. The division on racial lines was evident in the riots with different groups lashing out at others openly. The world is quickly becoming a global village. Therefore there is a need to understand, accept, cooperate and work with people from different cultures, races, ethnicity and religion. Tolerance should be emphasized in the current generation not violence or crimes against any particular race. A study done by the Australian government on juvenile offending revealed that ethnic minority youth were more likely to be offenders. Unemployment among the youth (15-19 years of age) was the main reason for engagement in crime. The unemployment rate for the minority youths was three times higher than the general unemployment rates of other youths. For instance the unemployment rate for Vietnamese Australian males doubles that of the general Australian youth rate. (HREOC 1993:223) The report by the Australia Bureau of Statistics showed that juveniles accounted for 13% of those in police custody. In 2003, persons between the ages of 15 and 19 accounted for the highest crime rate and booking. The juvenile offenders were four times more than the other offenders. Juvenile offenders were mostly charged with unwanted entry, theft, assault and motor vehicle theft. Cases of juvenile homicide, sexual violence, robbery and fraud were very minimal. (ABS 2003) It is a matter of concern that youth engage in crime either individually or in gangs. Unemployment is one of the reasons given for this behaviour. However, it is necessary to examine racial employment discrimination in terms of race. Statistics have shown that there is a large disparity between unemployment rates of minority youths with that of youth in general. A report by Australia Criminology Department showed that female homicide offenders were highest among 20 to 24 year olds. This was the same case for the men. (2003). Homicide cases for female offenders between 15 to 24 years of age had fluctuated in the 1990’s. A testimony by the Program of State Homicide Monitoring revealed that in 2003 there were 341 cases of homicide in Australia. This was a 6% decrease compared to the findings of the previous year. Murder cases accounted for 89% of the homicide case in 2003 while the rest were manslaughter. Domestic related disputes were responsible for most of the female homicide incidences. The female victims were killed due to disputes related to child custody, break ups in a relationship and other partner conflicts. However, most of the homicide victims were male. They accounted for 67% of the homicide victims with men between the ages of 25 and 44 being the largest target. Compare to the women at all ages the male homicide victims were more expect for ages under 15. The female homicide victims had decreased by 15% compared to a survey done the previous year. (Australia Bureau of Statistics 2004) A survey done in South Australia, Queensland and Victoria indicated that 175,872 offenders were booked in 2003. 138,232 were male while 37,640 were female. Compared to the females, males were four times more likely to be offenders. The offending rate for men was 3,148 per 100,000 (Chris 1998). Rehabilitation of the inmates is a subject that needs to be given priority as far as enforcement of the law in Australia is concerned. Research has revealed that rehabilitation of female inmates seems to emphasis on those convicted of minor offences compared to those who have committed criminal offences like homicide. The research reveals that female prisoners with long term charges have limited and impersonalized rehabilitation. CONCLUSION Juvenile crime cases have increased worldwide. However, the crimes performed by the deviant youth are not as serious as those perpetrated by adults. In Australia the juvenile offenders rate has doubled, with most of the perpetrators been male youths. (AIC 2003). It is argued that the main reason why juvenile booking rates have increased is because the youth are easier to arrest and prosecute. Their level of crime organization is generally less complex compared to that of adults. The main concern is how to rehabilitate youth crime offenders so that they do not continue to engage in crime in their adult life. Generally, fewer women are perpetrators of crime compared to women. However, they are often victimized, in relation to sexual or physical assault. The victims of human trafficking in Australia are mostly women. Crime rate are higher among certain races in Australia, especially among the minorities and the immigrants. This is mainly due to the racial disparities that exist in terms of employment opportunity and discrimination. Australia has made various initiatives to stop crime. As part of a crime prevention effort the National Community Crime Prevention Program was instituted in 2004. Its grant program received a funding of $ 65.5 million for the period between 2004 and 2008. These funds were to support grass root programs on crime prevention, improve safety in the community and reduce the fear associated with crime. The public, politicians and law enforcers should focus on crime prevention. It’s of utmost importance to change the perception on crime. It is not enough to react to criminals acts by arresting, taking to trial and convicting perpetrators. The government and its legal agents need to examine what can be done so as to address the issue of crime before it occurs. Prevention of crime should be given more attention. Instead of hiring more law enforcing officer, building more prisons and funding the criminal law justice system the funds can be used to improve development in the country. It is not enough to set up agencies to address the issue of crime. More far reaching initiatives need to be taken. Issues such as perception, equality in terms of opportunities and affirmative action for minorities, culture change and enforcement of the law without any bias should be considered in relation to crime and crime prevention. References Adam, G peter G 1999. The Cambridge handbook of Australian Criminology. Cambridge, UK. Allen Walklate, S 2001. Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice, Willan Publishing, UK. Argus correspondent 1985. â€Å"Aborigines have the highest jail rate in the world.† The Argus, Nov. Australian agency of figures, Australian agency of figures 2003. Residents by age and sex: Australian states and regions 1997 to 2002 ABS, Canberra. Australian administration: Australian institution of Criminology, Chris Cunneen, White Robert, 2000. Juvenile Justice: youth and Crime in Australia. Oxford, UK. Cunneen Chris 1998. Clash, political views and Crime: indigenous Communities and the law. Oxford, UK. D Chappell P Wilson, (eds.) 2000. offence and the Criminal integrity organization in Australia: 2000 and Beyond. Butterworth, Sydney Guillermo, Bernal, 2003. Handbook of Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Oxford, UK. Jacobsen, G. 2005. violent gang rapes by Brothers’ revealed. The Sydney sunrise messenger. 21 July. Jacobsen, G 2007, â€Å"Indictments brought against brothers for rapes.† The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 Nov. Mason, G Tomsen, S (eds.), 1997. Homophobic Violence. Hawkins Press, Sydney Mason, G, ‘Odium offence as ethical Category: Lessons from the Snowtown Case’ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 40(3) 249-271 (2007) Recorded crime: victims, Australia 2003. ABS Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2003. Residents by age and sex: Australian states and region 2003. ABS Canberra. Mason, G 1990. Early life Suicide in Australia: Avoidance methods, Section of recruiting, instruction and Training Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra Mason, G 2002. The manifestation of Violence: Homophobia, sexual characteristics facts, Routledge, United Kingdom. Mason, G 2007. ‘Hate Crime’ in T. Anthony C. Cunneen, A crucial Criminology Reader, Federation Press, Annandale Mouzos, J Makkai, T 2004. Womens experiences of male aggression: results from the Australian section of the International violence against women survey (IVAWS). Australian organization of Criminology, Canberra. Mouzos, J 2002, Murder in Australia: 2000-2001 Program of National murder Monitoring Annual Report, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Ms Maltzahm, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 November 2003. Sir, P 1995. Violent Property Crime. Federation Press, Sydney. Wallace, N 2005. Bunch of criminals rapist’s attacks inevitable: The Sydney Morning messenger, 10 Dec. Wallace Natasha 2005. â€Å"Gang rapist asserts right to attack† The Sydney Morning messenger. 12 Oct. Wallace Natasha 2005. ‘History of infamy’, The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 Nov.

Hindustani classical music Essay

The tradition was born out of a cultural synthesis of several musical traditions: the Vedic chant tradition, dating back to more than three thousand years ago,the ancient Persian tradition of Musiqi-e assil, and various folk traditions prevalent in the region. It is traditional for performers who have reached a distinguished level of achievement to be awarded titles of respect; Hindus are usually referred to as pandit and Muslims as ustad. An aspect of Hindustani music going back to Sufi times is the tradition of religious neutrality: Muslim ustads may sing compositions in praise of Hindu deities, and vice versa. Around the 12th century, Hindustani classical music diverged from what eventually came to be identified as Carnatic classical music. The central notion in both these systems is that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala. The tradition dates back to the ancient Samaveda, (sÄ ma meaning â€Å"ritual chant†), which deals with the norms for chantin g of srutis or hymns such as the Rig Veda. These principles were refined in the musical treatises Natya Shastra, by Bharata (2nd–3rd century CE), and Dattilam (probably 3rd–4th century CE). In medieval times, the melodic systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like Amir Khusro, and later in the Moghul courts. Noted composers such as Tansen flourished, along with religious groups like the Vaishnavites. After the 16th century, the singing styles diversified into different gharanas patronized in different princely courts. Around 1900, Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande consolidated the musical structures of Hindustani classical music, called ragas, into a number of thaats. Indian classical music has seven basic notes with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-note scale. Unlike the 12-note scale in Western music, the base frequency of the scale is not fixed, and intertonal gaps (temperament) may also vary; however, with the gradual replacement of the sarangi by the harmonium, an equal tempered scale is increasingly used. The performance is set to a melodic pattern called a raga characterized in part by specific ascent (aroha) and descent (avaroha) sequences, which may not be identical. Other characteristics include â€Å"king† (vadi) and â€Å"queen† (samavadi) notes and characteristic phrases (pakad). In addition each raga has its natural register (ambit) and portamento (meend) rules. Performances are usually marked by considerable improvisation within these norms. History Music was first formalized in India in connection with preserving the sruti texts, primarily the four vedas, which are seen as apaurasheya (meaning â€Å"not created by man†). Not only was the text important, but also the manner in which they had been enunciated by the immortals. Prosody and chanting were thus of great importance, and were enshrined in the two vedangas (bodies of knowledge) called shiksha (pronunciation, chants) and chhandas (prosody); these remained a key part of the brahmanic educational system till modern times. The formal aspects of the chant are delineated in the Samaveda, with certain aspects, e.g. the relation of chanting to meditation, elaborated in the Chandogya Upanishad (ca. 8th century BC). Priests involved in these ritual chants were called samans and a number of ancient musical instruments such as the conch (shankh), lute (veena), flute (bansuri), trumpets and horns were associated with this and later practices of ritual singing. Sanskritic tradition The Samaveda outlined the ritual chants for singing the verses of the Rigveda, particularly for offerings of Soma. It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, krusht, pratham, dwitiya, tritiya, chaturth, mandra and atiswÄ r. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed-frequency instrument. This is why the second note is called pratham (meaning â€Å"first†, i.e., produced when only the first hole is closed). Music is dealt with extensively in the Valmiki Ramayana. Narada is an accomplished musician, as is Ravana; Saraswati with her veena is the goddess of music. Gandharvas are presented as spirits who are musical masters, and the gandharva style looks to music primarily for pleasure, accompanied by the soma rasa. In the Vishnudharmottara Purana, the Naga king Ashvatara asks to know the svaras from Saraswati. The most important text on music in the ancient canon is Bharata’s Natya Shastra, composed a round the 3rd century CE. The Natya Shastra deals with the different modes of music, dance, and drama, and also the emotional responses (rasa) they are expected to evoke. The scale is described in terms of 22 micro-tones, which can be combined in clusters of four, three, or two to form an octave. While the term raga is articulated in the Natya Shastra (where its meaning is more literal, meaning â€Å"colour† or â€Å"mood†), it finds a clearer expression in what is called jati in the Dattilam, a text composed shortly after or around the same time as Natya Shastra. The Dattilam is focused on gandharva music and discusses scales (swara), defining a tonal framework called grama in terms of 22 micro-tonal intervals (sruti[3]) comprising one octave. It also discusses various arrangements of the notes (murchhana), the permutations and combinations of note-sequences (tanas), and alankara or elaboration. Dattilam categorizes melodic structure into 18 groups called jati, which are the fundamental melodic structures similar to the raga. The names of the jatis reflect regional origins, for example andhri and oudichya. Music also finds mention in a number of texts from the Gupta period; Kalidasa mentions several kinds of veena (Parivadini, Vipanchi), as well as percussion instruments (mridang), the flute (vamshi) and conch (shankha). Music also finds mention in Buddhist and Jain texts from the earliest periods of the Christian era. Narada’s Sangita Makarandha treatise, from about 1100 CE, is the earliest text where rules similar to those of current Hindustani classical music can be found. Narada actually names and classifies the system in its earlier form before the Persian influences introduced changes in the system. Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda from the 12th century was perhaps the earliest musical composition sung in the classical tradition called Ashtapadi music. In the 13th century, Sharngadeva composed the Sangita Ratnakara, which has names such as the turushka todi (â€Å"Turkish todi†), revealing an influx of ideas from Islamic culture. This text is the last to be mentioned by both the Carnatic and the Hindustani traditions and is often thought to date the divergence between the two. Medieval period: Persian influence The advent of Islamic rule under the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire over northern India caused considerable cultural interchange. Increasingly, musicians received patronage in the courts of the new rulers, who in their turn, started taking increasing interest in local music forms. While the initial generations may have been rooted in cultural traditions outside India, they gradually adopted many aspects from their kingdoms which retained the traditional Hindu culture. This helped spur the fusion of Hindu and Muslim ideas to bring forth new forms of musical synthesis like qawwali and khyal. The most influential musician of the Delhi Sultanate period was Amir Khusrau (1253–1325), sometimes called the father of modern Hindustani classical music.[4] A composer in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, as well as Braj Bhasha, he is credited with systematizing many aspects of Hindustani music, and also introducing several ragas such as Yaman Kalyan, Zeelaf and Sarpada. He created the qawwali genre, which fuses Persian melody and beat on a dhrupad like structure. A number of instruments (such as the sitar and tabla) were also introduced in his time. Amir Khusrau is sometimes credited with the origins of the khyal form, but the record of his compositions do not appear to support this. The compositions by the court musician Sadarang in the court of Muhammad Shah bear a closer affinity to the modern khyal. They suggest that while khyal already existed in some form, Sadarang may have been the father of modern khyal. Much of the musical forms innovated by these pioneers merged with the Hindu tradition, composed in the popular language of the people (as opposed to Sanskrit) in the work of composers like Kabir or Nanak. This can be seen as part of a larger Bhakti tradition, (strongly related to the Vaishnavite movement) which remained influential across several centuries; notable figures include Jayadeva (11th century), Vidyapati (fl. 1375 CE), Chandidas ( 14th–15th century), and Meerabai (1555–1603 CE). As the Mughal Empire came into closer contact with Hindus, especially under Jalal ud-Din Akbar, music and dance also flourished. In particular, the musician Tansen introduced a number of innovations, including ragas and particular compositions. Legend has it that upon his rendition of a night-time raga in the morning, the entire city fell under a hush and clouds gathered in the sky, and that he could light fires by singing the raga â€Å"Deepak†, which is supposed to be composed of notes in high octaves. At the royal house of Gwalior, Raja Mansingh Tomar (1486–1516 CE) also participated in the shift from Sanskrit to the local idiom (Hindi) as the language for classical songs. He himself penned several volumes of compositions on religious and secular themes, and was also responsible for the major compilation, the Mankutuhal (â€Å"Book of Curiosity†), which outlined the major forms of music prevalent at the time. In particular, the musical form known as dhrupad saw considerable development in his court and remained a strong point of the Gwalior gharana for many centuries. After the dissolution of the Mughal empire, the patronage of music continued in smaller princely kingdoms like Lucknow, Patiala, and Banaras, giving rise to the diversity of styles that is today known as gharanas. Many musician families obtained large grants of land which made them self sufficient, at least for a few generations (e.g. the Sham Chaurasia gharana). Meanwhile the Bhakti and Sufi traditions continued to develop and interact with the different gharanas and groups. Modern era Until the late 19th century, Hindustani classical music was imparted on a one-on-one basis through the guru-shishya (â€Å"mentor-protà ©gà ©Ã¢â‚¬ ) tradition. This system had many benefits, but also several drawbacks; in many cases, the shishya had to spend most of his time serving his guru with a hope that the guru might teach him a â€Å"cheez† (piece or nuance) or two. In addition, the system forced the music to be limited to a small subsection of the Indian community. To a large extent it was limited to the palaces and dance halls. It was shunned by the intellectuals, avoided by the educated middle class, and in general looked down upon as a frivolous practice.[5] Then a fortunate turn of events started the renaissance of Hindustani classical music. First, as the power of the maharajahs and nawabs declined in early 20th century, so did their patronage. With the expulsion of Wajid Ali Shah to Calcutta after 1857, the Lucknavi musical tradition came to influence the mus ic of renaissance in Bengal, giving rise to the tradition of Ragpradhan gan around the turn of the century. Also, at the turn of the century, two great stars emerged on the horizon: Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. Independent of each other, they spread Hindustani classical music to the masses in general, and the Marathi middle class in particular. These two gentlemen brought classical music to the masses by organizing music conferences, starting schools, teaching music in class-rooms, and devising a standardized grading and testing system, and by standardizing the notation system.[6] Vishnu Digambar Paluskar emerged as a talented musician and organizer despite having been blinded at age 12. His books on music, as well as the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya music school that he opened in Lahore in 1901, helped foster a movement away from the closed gharana system. Paluskar’s contemporary (and occasional rival) Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande recognized the many rifts that had appeared in the structure of Indian classical music. He undertook extensive research visits to a large number of gharanas, Hindustani as well as Carnatic, collecting and comparing compositions. Between 1909 and 1932, he produced the monumental four-volume work Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi,[7] which suggested a transcription for Indian music, and described the ma ny traditions in this notation. Finally,mit consolidated the many musical forms of Hindustani classical music into a number of thaats (modes), subsequent to the Melakarta system that reorganized Carnatic tradition in the 17th century. The ragas as they exist today were consolidated in this landmark work, although there are some inconsistencies and ambiguities in Bhatkande’s system. In modern times, the government-run All India Radio, Bangladesh Betar and Radio Pakistan helped to bring the artists to public attention, countering the loss of the patronage system. The first star was Gauhar Jan, whose career was born out of Fred Gaisberg’s first recordings of Indian music in 1902. With the advance of films and other public media, musicians started to make their living through public performances. As India was exposed to Western music, some Western melodies started merging with classical forms, especially in popular music. A number of Gurukuls, such as that of Alauddin Khan at Maihar, flourished. In more modern times, corporate support has also been forthcoming, as at the ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Meanwhile, Hindustani classical music has become popular across the world through the influence of artists such as Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan. Principles of Hindustani music The rhythmic organization is based on rhythmic patterns called tala. The melodic foundations are called ragas. One possible classification of ragas is into â€Å"melodic modes† or â€Å"parent scales†, known as thaats, under which most ragas can be classified based on the notes they use. Thaats may consist of up to seven scale degrees, or swara. Hindustani musicians name these pitches using a system called Sargam, the equivalent of the Western movable do solfege: Sa (Shadaj) = Do Re (Rishab) = Re Ga (Gandhar) = Mi Ma (Madhyam) = Fa Pa (Pancham) = So Dha (Dhaivat) = La Ni (Nishad) = Ti Sa (Shadaj) = Do Both systems repeat at the octave. The difference between sargam and solfege is that re, ga, ma, dha, and ni can refer to either â€Å"Natural† (shuddha) or altered â€Å"Flat† (komal) or â€Å"Sharp† (tivra) versions of their respective scale degrees. As with movable do solfege, the notes are heard relative to an arbitrary tonic that varies from performance to performance, rather than to fixed frequencies, as on a xylophone. The fine intonational differences between different instances of the same swara are called srutis. The three primary registers of Indian classical music are mandra (lower), madhya (middle) and taar (upper). Since the octave location is not fixed, it is also possible to use provenances in mid-register (such as mandra-madhya or madhya-taar) for certain ragas. A typical rendition of Hindustani raga involves two stages: Alap: a rhythmically free improvisation on the rules for the raga in order to give life to the raga and flesh out its character istics. The alap is followed by a long slow-tempo improvisation in vocal music, or by the jod and jhala in instrumental music. Bandish or Gat: a fixed, melodic composition set in a specific raga, performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhavaj. There are different ways of systematizing the parts of a composition. For example: Sthaayi: The initial, rondo phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Antara: The first body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Sanchaari: The third body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in dhrupad bandishes Aabhog: The fourth and concluding body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in Dhrupad bandishes. There are three variations of bandish, regarding tempo: Vilambit bandish: A slow and steady melodic composition, usually in largo to adagio speeds. Madhyalaya bandish: A medium tempo melodic competition, usually set in andante to allegretto speeds. Drut bandish: A fast tempo melodic composition, usually set to allegretto speed or faster. Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric, insofar as the musical forms were designed primarily for vocal performance, and many instruments were designed and evaluated as to how well they emulate the human voice. Types of compositions The major vocal forms or styles associated with Hindustani classical music are dhrupad, khyal, and tarana. Other forms include dhamar, trivat, chaiti, kajari, tappa, tap-khyal, ashtapadis, thumri, dadra, ghazal and bhajan; these are folk or semi-classical or light classical styles, as they often do not adhere to the rigorous rules of classical music. Dhrupad Main article: Dhrupad Dhrupad is an old style of singing, traditionally performed by male singers. It is performed with a tambura and a pakhawaj as instrumental accompaniments. The lyrics, some of which were written in Sanskrit centuries ago, are presently often sung in brajbhasha, a medieval form of North and East Indian languages that was spoken in Eastern India. The rudra veena, an ancient string instrument, is used in instrumental music in dhrupad. Dhrupad music is primarily devotional in theme and content. It contains recitals in praise of particular deities. Dhrupad compositions begin with a relatively long and acyclic alap, where the syllables of the following mantra is recited: â€Å"Om Anant tam Taran Tarini Twam Hari Om Narayan, Anant Hari Om Narayan†. The alap gradually unfolds into more rhythmic jod and jhala sections. These sections are followed by a rendition of bandish, with the pakhawaj as an accompaniment. The great Indian musician Tansen sang in the dhrupad style. A lighter form of dhrupad, called dhamar, is sung primarily during the festival of Holi. Dhrupad was the main form of northern Indian classical music until two centuries ago, when it gave way to the somewhat less austere khyal, a more free-form style of singing. Since losing its main patrons among the royalty in Indian princely states, dhrupad risked becoming extinct in the first half of the twentieth century. However, the efforts by a few proponents from the Dagar family have led to its revival and eventual popularization in India and in the West. Some of the best known vocalists who sing in the Dhrupad style are the members of the Dagar lineage, including the senior Dagar brothers, Nasir Moinuddin and Nasir Aminuddin Dagar; the junior Dagar brothers, Nasir Zahiruddin and Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar; and Wasifuddin, Fariduddin, and Sayeeduddin Dagar. Other leading exponents include the Gundecha Brothers, who have received training from some of the Dagars. Leading vocalists outside the Dagar lineage include the Mallik family of Darbhanga tradition of musicians; some of the leading exponents of this tradition were Ram Chatur Mallick, Siyaram Tiwari, and Vidur Mallick. A section of dhrupad singers of Delhi Gharana from Mughal emperor Shah Jahan’s court migrated to Bettiah under the patronage of the Bettiah Raj, giving rise to the Bettiah Gharana.[8] Bishnupur Gharana, based in West Bengal, is a key school that has been propagating this style of singing since Mughal times. Khyal Main article: Khyal Khyal is a Hindustani form of vocal music, adopted from medieval Persian music and based on Dhrupad. Khyal, literally meaning â€Å"thought† or â€Å"imagination† in Hindustani, is unusual as it is based on improvising and expressing emotion. A Khyal is a two- to eight-line lyric set to a melody. The lyric is of an emotional account possibly from poetic observation.[clarification needed] Khyals are also popular for depicting the emotions between two lovers, situations of ethological significance in Hinduism and Islam, or other situations evoking intense feelings. Th importance of the Khyal’s content is for the singer to depict, through music in the set raga, the emotional significance of the Khyal. The singer improvises and finds inspiration within the raga to depict the Khyal. The origination of Khyal is controversial, although it is accepted that this style was based on Dhrupad and influenced by Persian music. Many argue that Amir Khusrau created the style in the late 16th century. This form was popularized by Mughal Emperor Mohammad Shah, through his court musicians. Some well-known composers of this period were Sadarang, Adarang, and Manrang. [edit]Tarana Main article: Tarana Another vocal form, taranas are medium- to fast-paced songs that are used to convey a mood of elation and are usually performed towards the end of a concert. They consist of a few lines of poetry with soft syllables or bols set to a tune. The singer uses these few lines as a basis for fast improvisation. The tillana of Carnatic music is based on the tarana, although the former is primarily associated with dance. Tappa Main article: Tappa Tappa is a form of Indian semi-classical vocal music whose specialty is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle, knotty construction. It originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of Punjab and was developed as a form of classical music by Mian Ghulam Nabi Shori or Shori Mian, a court singer for Asaf-Ud-Dowlah, the Nawab of Awadh. â€Å"Nidhubabur Tappa†, or tappas sung by Nidhu Babu were very popular in 18th and 19th-century Bengal. Among the living performers of this style are Laxmanrao Pandit, Shamma Khurana, Manvalkar, Girija Devi, Ishwarchandra Karkare, and Jayant Khot. Thumri Main article: Thumri Thumri is a semi-classical vocal form said to have begun in Uttar Pradesh with the court of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, (r. 1847–1856). There are three types of thumri: poorab ang, Lucknavi and Punjabi thumri. The lyrics are typically in a proto-Hindi language called Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic. Some recent performers of this genre are Abdul Karim Khan, the brothers Barkat Ali Khan and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Begum Akhtar, Girija Devi, Beauty Sharma Barua, Nazakat-Salamat Ali Khan, Prabha Atre, Siddheshwari Devi, and Shobha Gurtu. Ghazal Main article: Ghazal Ghazal is an originally Persian form of poetry. In the Indian sub-continent, Ghazal became the most common form of poetry in the Urdu language and was popularized by classical poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Daagh, Zauq and Sauda amongst the North Indian literary elite. Vocal music set to this mode of poetry is popular with multiple variations across Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Turkey, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Ghazal exists in multiple variations, including semi-classical, folk and pop forms. Instrumental music The Royal Musicians of Hindustan circa 1910: Ali Khan, Inayat Khan, Musheraff Khan and Maheboob Khan Although Hindustani music clearly is focused on the vocal performance, instrumental forms have existed since ancient times. In fact, in recent decades, especially outside South Asia, instrumental Hindustani music is more popular than vocal music, partly due to a somewhat different style and faster tempo, and partly because of a language barrier for the lyrics in vocal music. A number of musical instruments are associated with Hindustani classical music. The veena, a string instrument, was traditionally regarded as the most important, but few play it today and it has largely been superseded by its cousins the sitar and the sarod, both of which owe their origin to Persian influences. Other plucked or struck string instruments include the surbahar, sursringar, santoor, and various versions of the slide guitar. Among bowed instruments, the sarangi, esraj and violin are popular. The bansuri, shehnai and harmonium are important wind instruments. In the percussion ensemble, the tabla and the pakhavaj are the most popular. Various other instruments have also been used in varying degrees.